Fahmi Rizwansyah says:
French-Indonesian Science and Technology Program
(NUSANTARA)
Partnership
The Government of the Republic of France in conjunction with the Indonesian Government has established the NUSANTARA Program. NUSANTARA is jointly managed by the Indonesian State Ministry for Research and Technology (RISTEK) and its French counterparts, the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (MAEE) and the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (MESR) but should encompass projects by any research centre irrespective of its administrative attachment.
Objective
The objective of NUSANTARA is to promote and support scientific and technological cooperation between French and Indonesian researchers in both public and private sectors.
Eligibility
Will be eligible to NUSANTARA any research laboratories from universities, public sector research institutes and companies.
The programme is open to the following areas of research:
• Biotechnologies including its applications to health (emerging infectious diseases and bio security, hepatitis virus, human avian influenza, H5N1, vector-borne diseases, etc.), food safety and resilience, as well as agronomy (consumption pattern, production, supply, land conversion, etc.)
• Information and communication technologies: Wimax technologies, open technology hardware, open source software, content development, network communication technology, standardization, and certification.
• Preservation of the environment: animal and vegetal biodiversity; water, land, climactic changes, oceanography
• Assessment and prevention of natural risks and or disaster management – including early warning system which involve geological, seismic, volcanic, climactic, geomagnetic sciences
• Energy including renewable energy (Nuclear Power Plant, coal power plant, geothermal, marine current energy, biomass, biofuel, solar-cell, etc.)
• Transportation: mass-rapid transportation, multi-moda transportation, linear motor car, maglev technology, long-span bridge, shipbuilding, air transportation system, etc.
• Human and Social sciences
It should be noted that both French and Indonesian partners have to apply to their respective agencies in charge of the management of the NUSANTARA programme.
If one of the two partners failed to apply or sent his application after the deadline, no funding would be granted to either partner.
Selection
NUSANTARA applications are invited once every two years. The appointed Indonesian referees will assess Indonesian applications, while French referees will review French applications. A Joint Committee, consisting of French and Indonesian experts, who will meet alternatively in France and Indonesia, will execute the final selection.
The involvement of young researchers studying for a PhD, or pursuing post-doctoral research, is one of the most important selection criteria.
Projects having previously benefited from Nusantara funding are not eligible.
Project duration
The projects selected under the current call for proposals will normally last two years (2009 and 2010), support for the second year being subject to progress in the first.
To this effect, the project leader must submit request for the second year to the Attaché for Science in the French Embassy in Jakarta and to RISTEK before November 28, 2009. A financial report of how the money was spent or to be spent as the implementation of the project should be attached to the request. If substantial scientific results have been achieved in the first months of the running of the project, the project leader can highlight it in brief.
Final report
A final report should be sent at the latest three months after the completion of the projects to French Embassy and to RISTEK. The French partners will have to do so by downloading the relevant file on the PHC extranet and to affix to their online file once completed.
Financing
The programme will support the international travel and living expenses associated with participation in the research project. Funding does not extend to insurances, salaries and equipment expenses, and other activities/costs not eligible for support.
Funding is granted on an annual basis for two consecutive years. Funds must imperatively be used between January 1 and December 31 (in France) and between February 1of any given year. Any funds not used will be lost.
Support to French beneficiaries provided by the French Government in France is only for travel and living expenses:
-Living expenses: 110 euros pd in the limit of 10 days
-Travel expenses: reimbursement according to actual costs with a limit of 1100 for return fare between France and Indonesia
Support to Indonesian beneficiaries provided by the Indonesian Government in Indonesia is only for travel and living expenses to three-five (3-5) Indonesian beneficiaries in 2009. Such support is only intended for one (1) researcher per selected project in 2009, and it will cover:
-Living expenses or per diem for the maximum of 5 (five) days per person.
The per diem will refer to the per diem rates applied, according to the Indonesian Ministry of Finance in 2009.
-Travel expenses: a return economic fare between Indonesia and France, in accordance with the rates from the Indonesian Ministry of Finance in 2009.
How to Apply
Applicants could be applied on-line. French applicants should refer to the EGIDE website (http://www.egide.asso.fr/fr/programmes/pai/)
Indonesian applicants may contact teguhr@ristek.go.id; nada@ristek.go.id to request an application form. Applications must be must be received by the posted closing date with the covering letter from the institutions where the applicant is coming from.
Applications for Indonesian may be considered in any other format (PdF format) and send it to the above e-mail addresses.
For the first round of application, the following schedule will apply:
-Deadline for sending applications: November 28, 2008
-Announcement of results: January 31, 2009
-Start of projects: February, 2009
Contact Persons
M. Dominique Dubois
Attaché de coopération scientifique et technique
Service de coopération et d'action culturelle
Ambassade de France en Indonésie
Jl Panarukan n° 35, Menteng Jakarta 10310
Tél : +62 21 31 93 17 95
Mél : dominique.dubois@diplomatie.gouv.fr
Dr. Teguh Rahardjo
Deputy Minister for Research, S&T Programs
qq Ms. Nada Marsudi, Acting Director for International, S&T Programs
The State Ministry of Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia
BPPT 2nd Building, 6th Floor, Jl. MH. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340
Tel. +62-21-316 9174/316 9198,
e-mail : teguhr@ristek.go.id; nada@ristek.go.id
by ristek.go.id
Cheers, frizzy2008.
PENILAIAN RISIKO PENYAKIT JANTUNG DAN PEMBULUH DARAH
Fahmi Rizwansyah says:
Penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah, seperti penyakit jantung koroner dan stroke, merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan kesakitan di Indonesia. Sejalan dengan perubahab gaya hidup dengan pola makanan yang cenderung cepat saji dengan kandungan lemak tinggi serta kurang olahraga, maka penderita penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah makin meningkat, dan bahkan dijumpai kecenderungan usia yang lebih muda.
Dibutuhkan pemeriksaan untuk menilai resiko penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah, yaitu pemeriksaan profil lipid, Lp(a) dan hsCRP. Di samping itu, apabila telah timbul gejala awal serangan jantung seperti nyeri dada, dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan Troponin T yang spesifik untuk kerusakan otot jantung. Selain itu, apabila dicurigai adanya sumbatan pembuluh darah, pemeriksaan D-dimer dapat membantu penegakan diagnosis.
Profil Lipid
Pemeriksaan Profil Lipid meliputi pemeriksaan trigliserida, kolesterol total, kolesterol HDL dan kolesterol LDL. Kadar Trigliserida dan kolesterol total serat LDL tinggi merupakan factor resiko terjadinya penyakit jantung dan pembilih darah, sedangkan kolesterol HDL merupakan pelindung terhadap penyakit tersebut. Pemeriksaan profil lipid dengan penerapan rekomendasi NCEP-ATP yang baru, dengan metode Glycerol-blanking untuk pemeriksaan kadar trigliserida, serta pemeriksaan kolesterol HDL dan LDL secara direk, sehingga diharapkan memberikan hasil yang akurat.
Lp (a)
Lp(a) atau Lipoprotein a merupakan zat yang dibuat oleh hati, dan dapat berikatan dengan reseptor kolesterol LDL. Lp(a) merupakan factor resiko tersendiri untuk penyakit jantung koroner. Kadar optimal Lp(a) adalah <> 20 mg/dl dianggap berisiko untuk terjadinya stroke dan jika kadarnya > 30 mg/dl dianggap berisiko untuk penyakit jantung koroner. Kadar Lp(a) yang tinggi juga merupakan salah satu penyebab kadar klesterol LDL meningkat dan sulit turun walaupun telah diobati.
hsCRP
CRP (C-reactive protein) merupakan protein fase akut yang diproduksi oleh hati sebagai respon terhadap infeksi atau peradangan. Peradangan juga berperan dalam patogenesis terjadinya aterosklerosis, dan telah dibuktikan bahwa pemeriksaan CRP, terutama dengan metode yang sangat sensitive (highly sensitive/hsCRP), mendukung dalam identifikasi resiko terjadinya penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah. Orang-orang dengan kadar CRP normal tinggi mempunyai resiko yang lebih besar untuk terjadinya sindrom koroner akut dibandingkan mereka dengan kadar CRP normal rendah.
Troponin T
Troponin T cardiac (cTnT) merupakan suatu protein yang berasal dari tropomiosin pada sel otot jantung. Saat ini , cTnT dan cTnl dinaggap terbaik untuk diagnosis dan stratifikasi risiko infark sehingga menjadi pemeriksaan standar, disamping pemeriksaan EKG dan gejala klinik.
D-dimer
D-dimer merupakan hasil pemecahan fibrin yang merupakan bukti terjadinya pembekuan darah (thrombus). Jika terjadinya pembekuan berlebihan dapat timbul sumbatan pembuluh darah, dan ini dapat dideteksidengan peningkatan kadar D-dimer.
DETEKSI KELAINAN BAWAAN DAN PEMERIKSAAN SEBELUM KEHAMILAN
Anak adalah buah hati orang tua dan harapan bangsa dimasa mendatang. Oleh karena itu kesehatan anak sangat penting, dan sudah dimulai sejak dalam kandungan. Lakukan pemeriksaan untuk deteksi infeksi pada ibu hamil yang mungkin menyebabkan cacat bawaan atau infeksi bawaan pada bayi yang dikandungnya (ToRCH-Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), dan Herpes, Simplex Virus (HSV-1 dan HSV-2). Pada pasangan orang tua juga dapat diperiksa adanya kelainan darah bawaan dengan pemeriksaan elektroforesis hemoglobin dengan metode high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Disamping itu, juga terdapat program untuk penapisan hipotiroid congenital, untuk deteksi dini adanya gangguan hormone tiroid yang dapat menyebabkan hambatan pada perkembangan anak.
PEMERIKSAAN PETANDA TUMOR
Kanker adalah penyakit yang sangat ditakuti karena rasa nyeri dan kesakitan yang ditimbulkannya. Deteksi dini terhadap kanker dapat mendorong pada tindakan yang lebih awal, sehingga dapat membatasi perkembangannya. Berbagai parameter pemeriksaan petanda tumor dapat diperiksa di laboratorium, yaitu AFP sebagai petanda tumor hati, PSA untuk kanker Prostat, CEA untuk kanker saluran cerna, Ca 125 untuk kanker ovarium serta Ca 15-3 untuk kanker payudara dll.
Cheers, frizzy2008.
Penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah, seperti penyakit jantung koroner dan stroke, merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan kesakitan di Indonesia. Sejalan dengan perubahab gaya hidup dengan pola makanan yang cenderung cepat saji dengan kandungan lemak tinggi serta kurang olahraga, maka penderita penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah makin meningkat, dan bahkan dijumpai kecenderungan usia yang lebih muda.
Dibutuhkan pemeriksaan untuk menilai resiko penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah, yaitu pemeriksaan profil lipid, Lp(a) dan hsCRP. Di samping itu, apabila telah timbul gejala awal serangan jantung seperti nyeri dada, dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan Troponin T yang spesifik untuk kerusakan otot jantung. Selain itu, apabila dicurigai adanya sumbatan pembuluh darah, pemeriksaan D-dimer dapat membantu penegakan diagnosis.
Profil Lipid
Pemeriksaan Profil Lipid meliputi pemeriksaan trigliserida, kolesterol total, kolesterol HDL dan kolesterol LDL. Kadar Trigliserida dan kolesterol total serat LDL tinggi merupakan factor resiko terjadinya penyakit jantung dan pembilih darah, sedangkan kolesterol HDL merupakan pelindung terhadap penyakit tersebut. Pemeriksaan profil lipid dengan penerapan rekomendasi NCEP-ATP yang baru, dengan metode Glycerol-blanking untuk pemeriksaan kadar trigliserida, serta pemeriksaan kolesterol HDL dan LDL secara direk, sehingga diharapkan memberikan hasil yang akurat.
Lp (a)
Lp(a) atau Lipoprotein a merupakan zat yang dibuat oleh hati, dan dapat berikatan dengan reseptor kolesterol LDL. Lp(a) merupakan factor resiko tersendiri untuk penyakit jantung koroner. Kadar optimal Lp(a) adalah <> 20 mg/dl dianggap berisiko untuk terjadinya stroke dan jika kadarnya > 30 mg/dl dianggap berisiko untuk penyakit jantung koroner. Kadar Lp(a) yang tinggi juga merupakan salah satu penyebab kadar klesterol LDL meningkat dan sulit turun walaupun telah diobati.
hsCRP
CRP (C-reactive protein) merupakan protein fase akut yang diproduksi oleh hati sebagai respon terhadap infeksi atau peradangan. Peradangan juga berperan dalam patogenesis terjadinya aterosklerosis, dan telah dibuktikan bahwa pemeriksaan CRP, terutama dengan metode yang sangat sensitive (highly sensitive/hsCRP), mendukung dalam identifikasi resiko terjadinya penyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah. Orang-orang dengan kadar CRP normal tinggi mempunyai resiko yang lebih besar untuk terjadinya sindrom koroner akut dibandingkan mereka dengan kadar CRP normal rendah.
Troponin T
Troponin T cardiac (cTnT) merupakan suatu protein yang berasal dari tropomiosin pada sel otot jantung. Saat ini , cTnT dan cTnl dinaggap terbaik untuk diagnosis dan stratifikasi risiko infark sehingga menjadi pemeriksaan standar, disamping pemeriksaan EKG dan gejala klinik.
D-dimer
D-dimer merupakan hasil pemecahan fibrin yang merupakan bukti terjadinya pembekuan darah (thrombus). Jika terjadinya pembekuan berlebihan dapat timbul sumbatan pembuluh darah, dan ini dapat dideteksidengan peningkatan kadar D-dimer.
DETEKSI KELAINAN BAWAAN DAN PEMERIKSAAN SEBELUM KEHAMILAN
Anak adalah buah hati orang tua dan harapan bangsa dimasa mendatang. Oleh karena itu kesehatan anak sangat penting, dan sudah dimulai sejak dalam kandungan. Lakukan pemeriksaan untuk deteksi infeksi pada ibu hamil yang mungkin menyebabkan cacat bawaan atau infeksi bawaan pada bayi yang dikandungnya (ToRCH-Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), dan Herpes, Simplex Virus (HSV-1 dan HSV-2). Pada pasangan orang tua juga dapat diperiksa adanya kelainan darah bawaan dengan pemeriksaan elektroforesis hemoglobin dengan metode high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Disamping itu, juga terdapat program untuk penapisan hipotiroid congenital, untuk deteksi dini adanya gangguan hormone tiroid yang dapat menyebabkan hambatan pada perkembangan anak.
PEMERIKSAAN PETANDA TUMOR
Kanker adalah penyakit yang sangat ditakuti karena rasa nyeri dan kesakitan yang ditimbulkannya. Deteksi dini terhadap kanker dapat mendorong pada tindakan yang lebih awal, sehingga dapat membatasi perkembangannya. Berbagai parameter pemeriksaan petanda tumor dapat diperiksa di laboratorium, yaitu AFP sebagai petanda tumor hati, PSA untuk kanker Prostat, CEA untuk kanker saluran cerna, Ca 125 untuk kanker ovarium serta Ca 15-3 untuk kanker payudara dll.
Cheers, frizzy2008.
Plan Your Honeymoon in Bali
Fahmi Rizwansyah says:
By eHow Weddings Editor
The exotic beauty of Bali's people and landscape transport visitors to another time and place, where tradition is treasure. Enjoy artist mountain villages, manicured rice terraces, cleansing rivers, world-class diving, surfing and golf, and the amazing Balinese furniture and architecture.
Instructions
Difficulty: Moderate
Things You’ll Need
Be prepared, Bali is sheltered from the turmoil other parts of Indonesia can experience. Rich in natural and cultural beauty, the island offers myriad outdoor activities - but luxury and relaxation don't come cheap.
Step2
Stay in one of the deluxe Begawan Giri Estate villas in Ubud, Bali's famous artist and craftsperson town in the rice-terraced mountainous interior.
Step3
Stroll the sculpted gardens of Begawan Giri (Wise Man's Mountain), swim in placid pools and marvel at the luxurious carved wood furniture and villa architecture.
Step4
Enjoy the world-class golf and surfing beaches while renting an authentic Balinese villa through Bali Vacation Properties (see bali-properties.com).
Step5
Prepare for heat, humidity and mosquitoes (mostly at night). Wear light clothing and a bathing suit where appropriate, and long-sleeved shirts and long cotton pants at night to ward off possible malaria-infested mosquitoes (see Warnings).
Step6
Drink Bintang (Star) beer, Bali's own brew. Cool down in the shade and rehydrate with some bottled water whenever possible.
Tips & Warnings
Cheers, frizzy2008.
By eHow Weddings Editor
The exotic beauty of Bali's people and landscape transport visitors to another time and place, where tradition is treasure. Enjoy artist mountain villages, manicured rice terraces, cleansing rivers, world-class diving, surfing and golf, and the amazing Balinese furniture and architecture.
Instructions
Difficulty: Moderate
Things You’ll Need
- Long Pants
- Long-sleeved Shirts
- Swimsuits
- Local Guidebooks
- Maps
- Bottled Water
- Airline Tickets
- Golf Clubs
- Surfboards
Be prepared, Bali is sheltered from the turmoil other parts of Indonesia can experience. Rich in natural and cultural beauty, the island offers myriad outdoor activities - but luxury and relaxation don't come cheap.
Step2
Stay in one of the deluxe Begawan Giri Estate villas in Ubud, Bali's famous artist and craftsperson town in the rice-terraced mountainous interior.
Step3
Stroll the sculpted gardens of Begawan Giri (Wise Man's Mountain), swim in placid pools and marvel at the luxurious carved wood furniture and villa architecture.
Step4
Enjoy the world-class golf and surfing beaches while renting an authentic Balinese villa through Bali Vacation Properties (see bali-properties.com).
Step5
Prepare for heat, humidity and mosquitoes (mostly at night). Wear light clothing and a bathing suit where appropriate, and long-sleeved shirts and long cotton pants at night to ward off possible malaria-infested mosquitoes (see Warnings).
Step6
Drink Bintang (Star) beer, Bali's own brew. Cool down in the shade and rehydrate with some bottled water whenever possible.
Tips & Warnings
- If staying in an open air bungalow (recommended), make sure you have a bed with mosquito netting, and burn mosquito coils to keep the critters away.
- Hire a day boat from Sanur to take you to the tiny island of Nusa Lembongan for fantastic snorkeling in the shallow bay.
- Flag a bimo (taxi) and visit the lake and volcano regions and their many temples. A bimo can be as cheap as $10 per day.
- Getting to Bali is usually your major expense, so eat and drink well as long as the U.S. dollar is strong against the rupiah.
- Get a massage often (it costs as little as $5 per hour).
- Check with your local county health agency to see if anti-malarial medication and any other shots are recommended.
- Wear reef shoes/booties if you plan to surf or walk over the reef. Sea snakes live there, and cuts and scrapes can become infected if not scrubbed and kept clean.
Cheers, frizzy2008.
Straight-through UTP cables: Cabling tips for network professionals
Fahmi Rizwansyah says:
This part o
f our series will focus o
n the wiring of CAT5 cable because it is the most common type of UTP cable in the world. It's flexible, easy to install and very reliable when wired properly. We'll also cover wiring classic CAT1 phone cables. It is very important that you know exactly how to wire UTP cables. Cabling is the base of a solid network, a
nd doing it correctly the first time will help you avoid hours of frustration and troubleshooting. On the other hand, if you are dealing with a poorly cabled network, this knowledge will help you to find the problem and fix it more efficiently.
Wiring UTP cables
We are now going to look at how UTP cables are wired. There are two popular wiring schemes that most people use today: the T-568A and T-568B. These differ only in which color-coded pairs are connected -- pairs 2 and 3 are reversed. Both work equally
well, as long as you don't mix them. If you always use only one version, you're okay, but if you mix A and B in a cable run, you will get crossed pairs.
RJ-45 jack and plugUTP cables are terminated with standard connectors, jacks and punchdowns. The jack/plug is often referred to as a "RJ-45," but that is really a telephone company designation for the "modular eight-pin connector" terminated with the USOC pinout used for telephones. The male connector on the end of a
patch cord is called a "plug" and the receptacle on the wall outlet is a "jack."
UTP color codes
As I've already mentioned, UTP has four twisted pairs of wires. The illustration shows the pairs and the color codes they have. As you can see, the four pairs are labeled. Pairs 2 and 3 are used for normal 10/100 Mbps networks, while pairs 1 and 4 are reserved. In Gigabit Ethernet, all four pairs are used.
The picture below shows the end of a CAT5 cable with an RJ-45 connector. These are used by all cables to connect to a hub or to your computer's network card. The picture
below that shows a stripped CAT5 cable and identifies the four twisted pairs.
CAT5 cable with an RJ-45 connector stripped CAT5 cable
And don't think that UTP CAT5 cable only comes in one boring color -- those days are over! You'll find a wide range of choices today, as you can see below.
UTP CAT5 cable colors UTP CAT5 cable colors UTP CAT5 cable colors
T-568A and T-568B four-pair wiring
Ethernet is generally carried in eight conductor cables with eight-pin modular plugs and jacks. The connector standard is called "RJ-45" and is just like a standard RJ-11 modular telephone connector, except it is a bit wider to carry more pins.
Note: Keep in mind that the wiring schemes we are going to talk about are all for straight-through cables only.
The eight-conductor data cable contains four pairs of wires. Each pair consists of a solid colored wire and a white wire with a stripe of the same color. The pairs are twisted together. To maintain reliability on Ethernet, you should not untwist them any more than necessary (about 1 cm). The pairs designated for 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet are orange and green. The other two pairs, brown and blue, can be used for a second Ethernet line or for phone connections.
There are two wiring standards for these cables, called "T568A" (also called "EIA") and "T568B" (also called "AT&T" and "258A"). They differ only in connection sequence -- that is, which color is on which pin, not in the definition of what electrical signal is on a particular color.
T-568A is supposed to be the standard for new installations, while T-568B is an acceptable alternative. However, most off-the-shelf data equipment and cables seem to be wired to T568B. T568B is also the AT&T standard. In fact, I have seen very few people using T568A to wire their network. It's important not to mix systems, as both you and your equipment will become hopelessly confused.
Pin number designations for T568B
Note that the odd pin numbers (1, 3, 5 and 7) are always the white with a stripe of color. The wires connect to R
J-45 eight-pin connectors as shown below:
568B wiring method Pin number designations for T568B
Here we break out the color codes for T568B:
Pin 1: white/orange (pair 2) TxData +
Pin 2: orange (pair 2) TxData -
Pin 3: white/green (pair 3) RecvData+
Pin 4: blue (pair 1)
Pin 5: white/blue (pair 1)
Pin 6: green (pair 3) RecvData-
Pin 7: white/brown (pair 4)
Pin 8: brown (pair 4)
The wall jack may be wired in a different sequence, because the wires are often crossed inside the jack. The jack should either come with a wiring diagram or at least designate pin numbers. Note that the blue pair is on the center pins; this pair translates to the red/green pair for ordinary telephone lines which are also in the centre pair of an RJ-11 (green=white/blue, red=blue).
Pin number designations for T568A
The T568A specification reverses the orange and green connections so that pairs 1 and 2 are on the center 4 pins, which makes it more compatible with the telephone company voice connections. (Note that in the RJ-11 plug at the top, pairs 1 and 2 are on the ce
nter 4 pins.) The illustrations show the order of colors in T568A.
568A wiring method Pin number designations for T568A
Pin color codes for T568A in writing are as follows:
Pin 1: white/green (pair 3) RecvData+
Pin 2: green (pair
3) RecvData-
Pin 3: white/orange (pair 2) TxData +
Pin 4: blue (pair 1)
Pin 5: white/blue (pair 1)
Pin 6: orange (pair 2) TxData -
Pin 7: white/brown (pair 4)
Pin 8: brown (pair 4)
The diagram below shows the 568A and 568B in comparison:
568A vs 568B pinouts
Where are they used?
The most common application for a straight-through cable is a connection between a PC and a hub or switch. In this case, the PC is connected directly to the hub or switch, which will automatically cross over the cable internally, using special circuits. In the case of a CAT1 cable, which is usually found in telephone lines, only two wires are used. These do not require any special cross over since the phones connect directly to the phone socket.
CAT5 straight-through cable connecting PC to hub
The picture above shows a standard CAT5 straight-through cable used to connect a PC to a hub. You might expect the TX+ of one side to connect to the TX+ of the other side, but this is not the case. When you connect a PC to a hub, the hub will automatically x-over the cable by using its internal circuits. The result is that pin 1 from the PC (which is TX+) connects to pin 1 of the hub (which connects to RX+).This happens for the rest of the pinouts as well.
If the hub didn't cross over the pinouts using its internal circuits (this happens when you use the uplink port on the hub), then pin 1 from the PC (which is TX+) would connect to pin 1 of the hub (which would be TX+ in this case). So, no matter what we do with the hub port (uplink or normal), the signals assigned to the eight pins on the PC side of things will always remain the same. The hub's pinouts, however, will change depending whether the port is set to normal or uplink.
This part o
f our series will focus o
n the wiring of CAT5 cable because it is the most common type of UTP cable in the world. It's flexible, easy to install and very reliable when wired properly. We'll also cover wiring classic CAT1 phone cables. It is very important that you know exactly how to wire UTP cables. Cabling is the base of a solid network, a
nd doing it correctly the first time will help you avoid hours of frustration and troubleshooting. On the other hand, if you are dealing with a poorly cabled network, this knowledge will help you to find the problem and fix it more efficiently.Wiring UTP cables
We are now going to look at how UTP cables are wired. There are two popular wiring schemes that most people use today: the T-568A and T-568B. These differ only in which color-coded pairs are connected -- pairs 2 and 3 are reversed. Both work equally
well, as long as you don't mix them. If you always use only one version, you're okay, but if you mix A and B in a cable run, you will get crossed pairs.RJ-45 jack and plugUTP cables are terminated with standard connectors, jacks and punchdowns. The jack/plug is often referred to as a "RJ-45," but that is really a telephone company designation for the "modular eight-pin connector" terminated with the USOC pinout used for telephones. The male connector on the end of a
patch cord is called a "plug" and the receptacle on the wall outlet is a "jack."UTP color codes
As I've already mentioned, UTP has four twisted pairs of wires. The illustration shows the pairs and the color codes they have. As you can see, the four pairs are labeled. Pairs 2 and 3 are used for normal 10/100 Mbps networks, while pairs 1 and 4 are reserved. In Gigabit Ethernet, all four pairs are used.
The picture below shows the end of a CAT5 cable with an RJ-45 connector. These are used by all cables to connect to a hub or to your computer's network card. The picture
below that shows a stripped CAT5 cable and identifies the four twisted pairs.
CAT5 cable with an RJ-45 connector stripped CAT5 cable
And don't think that UTP CAT5 cable only comes in one boring color -- those days are over! You'll find a wide range of choices today, as you can see below.
UTP CAT5 cable colors UTP CAT5 cable colors UTP CAT5 cable colors
T-568A and T-568B four-pair wiring
Ethernet is generally carried in eight conductor cables with eight-pin modular plugs and jacks. The connector standard is called "RJ-45" and is just like a standard RJ-11 modular telephone connector, except it is a bit wider to carry more pins.
Note: Keep in mind that the wiring schemes we are going to talk about are all for straight-through cables only.
The eight-conductor data cable contains four pairs of wires. Each pair consists of a solid colored wire and a white wire with a stripe of the same color. The pairs are twisted together. To maintain reliability on Ethernet, you should not untwist them any more than necessary (about 1 cm). The pairs designated for 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet are orange and green. The other two pairs, brown and blue, can be used for a second Ethernet line or for phone connections.
There are two wiring standards for these cables, called "T568A" (also called "EIA") and "T568B" (also called "AT&T" and "258A"). They differ only in connection sequence -- that is, which color is on which pin, not in the definition of what electrical signal is on a particular color.
T-568A is supposed to be the standard for new installations, while T-568B is an acceptable alternative. However, most off-the-shelf data equipment and cables seem to be wired to T568B. T568B is also the AT&T standard. In fact, I have seen very few people using T568A to wire their network. It's important not to mix systems, as both you and your equipment will become hopelessly confused.
Pin number designations for T568B
Note that the odd pin numbers (1, 3, 5 and 7) are always the white with a stripe of color. The wires connect to R
J-45 eight-pin connectors as shown below:568B wiring method Pin number designations for T568B
Here we break out the color codes for T568B:
Pin 1: white/orange (pair 2) TxData +
Pin 2: orange (pair 2) TxData -Pin 3: white/green (pair 3) RecvData+
Pin 4: blue (pair 1)
Pin 5: white/blue (pair 1)
Pin 6: green (pair 3) RecvData-
Pin 7: white/brown (pair 4)
Pin 8: brown (pair 4)
The wall jack may be wired in a different sequence, because the wires are often crossed inside the jack. The jack should either come with a wiring diagram or at least designate pin numbers. Note that the blue pair is on the center pins; this pair translates to the red/green pair for ordinary telephone lines which are also in the centre pair of an RJ-11 (green=white/blue, red=blue).
Pin number designations for T568A
The T568A specification reverses the orange and green connections so that pairs 1 and 2 are on the center 4 pins, which makes it more compatible with the telephone company voice connections. (Note that in the RJ-11 plug at the top, pairs 1 and 2 are on the ce
nter 4 pins.) The illustrations show the order of colors in T568A.568A wiring method Pin number designations for T568A
Pin color codes for T568A in writing are as follows:
Pin 1: white/green (pair 3) RecvData+
Pin 2: green (pair
3) RecvData-Pin 3: white/orange (pair 2) TxData +
Pin 4: blue (pair 1)
Pin 5: white/blue (pair 1)
Pin 6: orange (pair 2) TxData -
Pin 7: white/brown (pair 4)
Pin 8: brown (pair 4)
The diagram below shows the 568A and 568B in comparison:
568A vs 568B pinouts
Where are they used?
The most common application for a straight-through cable is a connection between a PC and a hub or switch. In this case, the PC is connected directly to the hub or switch, which will automatically cross over the cable internally, using special circuits. In the case of a CAT1 cable, which is usually found in telephone lines, only two wires are used. These do not require any special cross over since the phones connect directly to the phone socket.
CAT5 straight-through cable connecting PC to hub
The picture above shows a standard CAT5 straight-through cable used to connect a PC to a hub. You might expect the TX+ of one side to connect to the TX+ of the other side, but this is not the case. When you connect a PC to a hub, the hub will automatically x-over the cable by using its internal circuits. The result is that pin 1 from the PC (which is TX+) connects to pin 1 of the hub (which connects to RX+).This happens for the rest of the pinouts as well.
If the hub didn't cross over the pinouts using its internal circuits (this happens when you use the uplink port on the hub), then pin 1 from the PC (which is TX+) would connect to pin 1 of the hub (which would be TX+ in this case). So, no matter what we do with the hub port (uplink or normal), the signals assigned to the eight pins on the PC side of things will always remain the same. The hub's pinouts, however, will change depending whether the port is set to normal or uplink.
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Fahmi Rizwansyah says:
Hai semuanya...
Hai semuanya...
"Selamat hari raya Idul Fitri 1429 H"
"Mohon maaf lahir dan batin"
baru masuk kantor lagi, jadi baru bisa posting. Secara telkomsel flash lagi dibanned sama om google, jadi gak bisa ngupdate di rokum.
Cheers, frizzy2008.
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